Tourists Taxed, Cruise Lines Litigate: Hawaii’s Climate Levy Meets Constitutional Fire

Constitutional Law | Climate Change Policies | Environment Introduction: Cruising to New Green Fees When Climate Funding Mechanisms Collide with Federal Navigability Protections In a groundbreaking move to bolster climate resilience, Hawaii enacted a “green fee” in May 2025—a sweeping tourism surcharge designed to fund adaptation projects such as shoreline restoration, wildfire

Sailing Toward Standardization: The Case for Global Legal Regulations in the Cruise Industry

The cruise ship industry has become a significant global force in tourism, contributing billions of dollars to economies and providing millions of people with unforgettable vacations. However, with its exponential growth over recent decades, there is an increasing need for standardized legal regulations across the industry. Despite its enormous popularity,